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"Long before they came as occupiers, the British were drawn to the Middle East by the fabled riches of its trade and the enlightened tolerance of its people. The 'pashas' - merchants and travelers from Europe - discovered an Islamic world that was alluring, dynamic and diverse." "Ranging across two and a half centuries and through the great cities of Istanbul, Aleppo and Alexandria, James Mather tells the forgotten story of the men of the Levant Company who sought their fortunes in the Ottoman Empire. Their trade brought to the region not only merchants but ambassadors and envoys, pilgrims and chaplains, families and servants, aristocratic tourists and roving antiquarians. Together, their lives provide a fascinating insight into the meeting of East and West before the age of European imperialism."--BOOK JACKET.

British --- Merchants --- Travelers --- Travellers --- Voyagers --- Wayfarers --- Persons --- Voyages and travels --- Businesspeople --- British people --- Britishers --- Britons (British) --- Brits --- Ethnology --- Travel&delete& --- History --- Company of Merchants of England Trading to the Levant --- Turky Company --- Turkey Company --- Levant Company --- English Levant Company --- Levant Company of Turkey Merchants --- History. --- Great Britain --- Islamic countries --- Middle East --- Turkey --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- Ottoman Empire --- Relations --- Description and travel. --- Description and travel --- Commerce --- Travel --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918

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To better understand the diverse inheritance of Islamic movements in present-day Turkey, we must take a closer look at the religious establishment, the ulema, during the first half of the twentieth century. During the closing years of the Ottoman Empire and the early decades of the Republic of Turkey, the spread of secularist and anti-religious ideas had a major impact on the views and political leanings of the ulema. This book explores the intellectual debates and political movements of the religious establishment during this time.Bein reveals how competing visions of development

Islam and state --- Islam --- Muslim scholars --- Secularism --- Ulama --- History --- Functionaries --- Turkey --- Religious aspects. --- Islam - Turkey - Functionaries - History - 20th century. --- Islam -- Turkey -- Functionaries -- History -- 20th century. --- Islam and state - Turkey - History - 20th century. --- Islam and state -- Turkey -- History -- 20th century. --- Muslim scholars - Turkey - History - 20th century. --- Muslim scholars -- Turkey -- History -- 20th century. --- Secularism - Turkey - History - 20th century. --- Secularism -- Turkey -- History -- 20th century. --- Turkey - History - Revolution, 1918-1923 - Religious aspects. --- Turkey -- History -- Revolution, 1918-1923 -- Religious aspects. --- Ulama - Turkey - History - 20th century. --- Ulama -- Turkey -- History -- 20th century. --- Religion --- Philosophy & Religion --- 20TH CENTURY -- 322 --- TURKEY -- 27 --- OTTOMAN EMPIRE -- 27 --- TURKISH REPUBLIC -- 27 --- 20TH CENTURY -- 27 --- History of Southern Europe --- anno 1910-1919 --- anno 1900-1909 --- anno 1920-1929

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Indonesian Islam is often portrayed as being intrinsically moderate by virtue of the role that mystical Sufism played in shaping its traditions. According to Western observers--from Dutch colonial administrators and orientalist scholars to modern anthropologists such as the late Clifford Geertz--Indonesia's peaceful interpretation of Islam has been perpetually under threat from outside by more violent, intolerant Islamic traditions that were originally imposed by conquering Arab armies. The Makings of Indonesian Islam challenges this widely accepted narrative, offering a more balanced assessment of the intellectual and cultural history of the most populous Muslim nation on Earth. Michael Laffan traces how the popular image of Indonesian Islam was shaped by encounters between colonial Dutch scholars and reformist Islamic thinkers. He shows how Dutch religious preoccupations sometimes echoed Muslim concerns about the relationship between faith and the state, and how Dutch-Islamic discourse throughout the long centuries of European colonialism helped give rise to Indonesia's distinctive national and religious culture. The Makings of Indonesian Islam presents Islamic and colonial history as an integrated whole, revealing the ways our understanding of Indonesian Islam, both past and present, came to be.

Islam --- Sufism --- Sofism --- Mysticism --- History. --- Aceh. --- Afdeeling B. --- Asian courts. --- Batavia. --- British interregnum. --- Christianity. --- Christianization. --- Dutch missionaries. --- Dutch scholarship. --- Dutch society. --- Dutch. --- East India Companies. --- Hasan Mustafa. --- Holland. --- Indies. --- Indonesia. --- Indonesian Islam. --- Indonesians. --- Irshadi movement. --- Islam. --- Islamic Law. --- Islamic activity. --- Islamic curriculum. --- Islamic learning. --- Islamic thinkers. --- Islamization. --- Japanese occupation. --- Java. --- Javanese. --- Mecca. --- Middle Eastern learning. --- Middle Eastern networks. --- Muhammad Rashid Rida. --- Muhammad ʻAbduh. --- Muslim Indies. --- Muslim activism. --- Muslim nation. --- Muslim society. --- Muslim teachers. --- Naqshbandis. --- Netherlandic Indies. --- Netherlands Indies. --- Office for Native Affairs. --- Orientalism. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Prophet. --- Protestantism. --- Salafi movement. --- Sammaniyya order. --- Sarekat Islam. --- Shariʻa. --- Snouck Hurgronje. --- Southeast Asian scholars. --- Sufi knowledge. --- Sufi learning. --- Sufi organization. --- Sufi practice. --- Sufi practices. --- Sufi scholarship. --- Sufi teachings. --- Sufism. --- The Hague. --- abangan. --- colonial Dutch. --- colonial advisors. --- colonial scholarship. --- colonial state. --- colonial tutelage. --- communism. --- independent religious masters. --- indigenous education. --- indigenous society. --- international connections. --- legal practices. --- legalistic scholarship. --- local cultures. --- local languages. --- marginalized courts. --- mufti. --- muhaqqiqin. --- mystical teachers. --- nationalism. --- orthodox public sphere. --- orthodoxy. --- orthopraxy. --- pesantren. --- pesantrens. --- populist authority. --- populist mysticism. --- putihan. --- reformist thinkers. --- sayyid-led reforms. --- tariqas. --- Orientalism --- Histoire

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The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire explores the serious and far-reaching impacts of Little Ice Age climate fluctuations in Ottoman lands. This study demonstrates how imperial systems of provisioning and settlement that defined Ottoman power in the 1500s came unraveled in the face of ecological pressures and extreme cold and drought, leading to the outbreak of the destructive Celali Rebellion (1595-1610). This rebellion marked a turning point in Ottoman fortunes, as a combination of ongoing Little Ice Age climate events, nomad incursions and rural disorder postponed Ottoman recovery over the following century, with enduring impacts on the region's population, land use and economy.

History of Southern Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Turkey --- Climatic changes --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Natural resources --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Social aspects&delete& --- History --- Management&delete& --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turechchyna --- Tyrkia --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Tourkia --- TC --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Turkiet --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Republic of Turkey --- תורכיה --- Turkiyah --- Turkyah --- Tunkī --- République turque --- Tʻŏkʻi --- Anatolia --- Asia Minor --- Anatolie --- Republic of Türkiye --- Asia Minore --- Ottoman Empire --- Republik Türkei --- Tureuki --- Turkye --- Republiek van Turkye --- Türkei --- Turcland --- تركيا --- Turkiyā --- جمهورية التركية --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Turquía --- Republica de Turquía --- Turchia --- Tuykia --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turki --- Républik Turki --- Tȯrkiă --- Турцыя --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tiakei --- Torkėjė --- Turkia --- Republik Turkia --- Турция --- Република Турция --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turska --- Republika Turska --- Tū-ī-gì --- Turecko --- Turecká republika --- Tëreckô --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Турци --- Turt︠s︡i --- Турци Республики --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Twrci --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Tyrkiet --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Turkojska --- Republika Turkojska --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Turchî --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Turkio --- Turkujo --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- République de Turquie --- Turkije --- Tuirc --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Turkee --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Thú-ngí-khì --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tureke --- Turkowska --- Turcia --- Турк --- Turk --- Турчы Республикæ --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Tyrkland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Repubblica di Turchia --- טורקיה --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Тюрк --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Тюрк Республика --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Turukiya --- Uturuki --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Tiki --- Tirkiye --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Tierkei --- Republik Tierkei --- Turkija --- Turkieë --- Törkieë --- Buturuki --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Törökország --- Török Köztársaság --- Турција --- Република Турција --- Republika Turcija --- Whenua Korukoru --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Туркамастор --- Turkamastor --- Туркань республиксь --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Republiek Turkije --- トルコ --- Toruko --- トルコ共和国 --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Turkii --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Turtchie --- Турций --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Тюркия --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Тюркия Республика --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Teki --- Törkie --- Turcja --- Republika Turcji --- República da Turquia --- Republica Turcia --- Republika Turkiya --- Turkya --- Turkiya Republika --- Турція --- Турецка Республіка --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Турецкая Республика --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Turkäi --- Republik Turkäi --- Turqia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Thekhi --- Turcyjo --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turcyje --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Turkiyakondre --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- Турска --- Република Турска --- Turkki --- Turkin tasavalta --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Tturk --- Tagduda n Tturk --- Turchie --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Туреччина --- Турецька Республіка --- Republica de Turchia --- Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Cộng hoà Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Türkän --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- 土耳其 --- Tu'erqi --- Turkeye --- Republiek Turkeye --- Turkeya --- Tirki --- Republik bu Tirki --- טערקיי --- Ṭerḳay --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Tırkiya --- 土耳其共和國 --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Ānātūlī --- Environmental conditions. --- Climate --- History. --- Population --- National resources --- Resources, Natural --- Resource-based communities --- Resource curse --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Economic aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Social aspects --- Management --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Турций --- Environmental conditions --- Global environmental change --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918 --- Arts and Humanities --- Climatic changes - Social aspects - Turkey - History --- Social change - Turkey - History --- Social conflict - Turkey - History --- Natural resources - Turkey - History --- Natural resources - Turkey - Management - History --- Turkey - History - Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918 --- Turkey - Environmental conditions --- Turkey - Climate - History --- Turkey - Population - History

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Social sciences --- Social sciences. --- Turkey. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Anatolia --- Anatolie --- Ānātūl --- Asia Minor --- Asia Minore --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Buturuki --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ K --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Komara Tirkiyey --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrk --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Osmanskai͡a Imperii͡ --- Ottoman Empire --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Repóbblica d'l Turch --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Repubblica di Turchia --- Republic of Turkey --- Republic of Türkiye --- República da Turquia --- Republica de Turchia --- Republica de Turquía --- Republica Turcia --- Republiek Turkeye --- Republiek Turkije --- Republiek van Turkye --- Republik bu Tirki --- Republik Tierkei --- Republik Turkäi --- Republik Türkei --- Républik Turki --- Republik Turkia --- Republika e Turqis --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Republika Turcija --- Republika Turcji --- Republika Turcyje --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turkiya --- Republika Turkojska --- Republika Turska --- Republika Turt͡sii͡ --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- République de Turquie --- République turque --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- T.C. --- Tagduda n Tturk --- TC --- Teki --- Tëreck --- Ṭerḳay --- Ṭerḳishe Republi --- Thekhi --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ K --- Thú-ngí-kh --- Tiakei --- Tierkei --- Tiki --- Tirki --- Tırkiya --- Tirkiye --- Ti͡urk --- Ti͡urk Respublika --- Ti͡urkii͡ --- Ti͡urkii͡a Respublika --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Tʻŏkʻi --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Torkėj --- Tȯrki --- Törkie --- Tȯrkii͡ --- Tȯrkii͡a Jȯmḣu̇rii͡ate --- Török Köztársaság --- Törökország --- Toruko --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Tourkia --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Tturk --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Tū-ī-g --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Tu'erqi --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tuirc --- Tunk --- Turch --- Turchia --- Turchie --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Turcia --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Turcja --- Turcland --- Turcyjo --- Turechchyna --- Turecká republika --- Turecko --- Tureke --- Turet͡ska Respublika --- Turėtskai͡a Rėspublika --- Tureuki --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Türg --- Türgü Vabariik --- Turk --- Turkäi --- Turkaland --- Turkamastor --- Türkän --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Turkee --- Türkei --- Turkeya --- Turkeye --- Turki --- Turkia --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkie --- Turkiet --- Turkii --- Tu̇rkii͡ --- Tu̇rkii͡a Respublikasy --- Tu̇rkiĭ --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Turkija --- Turkije --- Turkin tasavalta --- Turkio --- Turkiy --- Turkiya Republika --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turkiyah --- Turkiyakondre --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Turkki --- Turkojska --- Turkowska --- Turkujo --- Turkya --- Turkyah --- Turkye --- Turqia --- Turquía --- Turquie --- Turska --- Turtchie --- Turt͡si --- Turt͡si Respubliki --- Turt͡sii͡ --- Turtsyi͡ --- Turukiya --- Tuykia --- Twrci --- Tyrkia --- Tyrkiet --- Tyrkland --- Tẏrt͡si --- Uturuki --- Vysokai͡a Porta --- Whenua Korukoru